Editorial

Animal experimentation was successfully taken an important part of the curriculum of the students of medicine, pharmacy, nursing, dentistry, veterinary, and even to basic sciences like life sciences, zoology etc . The objective of the animal experiments was to develop skills for performing in-vivo experiments and to correlate the findings with theoretical concepts as well as in vitro results with prior permission to Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA). However by considering the seriousness of declining of wild life, the University Grant Commission (UGC) decided to stop the animal experimentation for both the under and post graduate levels and noticed accordingly [11. University Grant Commission Notification on July 2014. [No.F.14-6/2014 (CPP-II)] Subject: Dissection and Animal experimentation in Zoology/Life Sciences and Allied Disciplines in undergraduate, post graduate and research program.]. Therefore redundant animal experiments are now trying to replace with the Computer Assisted Learning (CAL), animal simulation (AS; using Ex. Pharm, Ileum Ink software etc) or by molecular studies in cell culture. And the world wide acceptance of CAL and AS was documented in some of previous studies [22. Roy V, Tekur U (2001) Animal experiments in medical undergraduate curriculum: a teacher student perspective. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 33: 104-107.-66. Ammons SW (1995) Use of live animals in the curricula of U.S Medical Schools in 1994. Acad Med 70: 740-743.]. And finally UGC has also decided to bans use of animals for research in laboratories [77. (17 JULY 2015) UGC BANS USE OF ANIMAL FOR RESEARCH IN LABORATORIES. INDIATODAY.IN (NEWS).].

In other hand, the recent education about drug therapy begins with physiology, preclinical pharmacology and subsequent education in clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. The clinical pharmacology research is based on preclinical data and the interpretation of animal dose and human equivalent dose for drug development is taking an important part in clinical research or trials [88. DHHS, FDA (2005) Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). Guidance for industry estimating the maximum safe starting dose in initial clinical trials for therapeutics in adult healthy volunteers U.S. ,99. Shin JW, Seol IC, Son CG (2010) Interpretation of Animal Dose and Human Equivalent Dose for Drug Development. The Journal of Korean Oriental Medicine 31: 1-7.]. Though the trial simulation using "Pharsight Trial Simulator" Software is well recognized and established but the simulation not necessarily correlate always with original preclinical or clinical results. Therefore outcome of clinical pharmacology research depends not only on researcher's perception but also on concrete curriculum of experimental research. Thus the present changes of experimentation in education and in basic research may affect the clinical pharmacology research: It is a question (?).

In this context of present changing scenario, the alternative approach of changing curriculum, it's set up and adaptation by both teachers and students is a time consuming process and this lead a great challenge to Indian Pharmacologist. Though the different aspect of changing curriculum towards teaching learning by the scientific discussions were already started [1010. Goyal RK, Bhise SB, Srinivasan BP, Rao CM, Sen T, et al. (2014) Curriculum for pharmacology in pharmacy institutions in India: Opportunities and challenges. Indian J Pharmacol 46: 241-245.]. A fast development of set up for CAL, AS and cell culture are required through proper training to the teachers (if required). In addition, study guidelines of good practices for simulation developed by Center for Drug Development Science (CDDS) [1111. Holford NHG, Hale M, Ko HC, Steimer J-L, Sheiner LB, et al. (1999) Simulation in Drug Development: Good Practices Draft Publication of the Center for Drug Development Science (CDDS) Draft version 1.0.], Delphi technique [1212. Walley T, Webb DJ (1997) Developing a core curriculum in clinical pharmacology and therapeutics: A Delphi study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 44: 167-170. ] and interpretational software handling may overcome the challenges.