Introduction

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) manifests in various ways in the eye. Several optic nerve disorders have been described, most commonly resulting from neoplasms, opportunistic infections, and inflammatory causes [1-4]. HIV itself may be a direct cause of optic neuropathy. It is an uncommon presentation and a diagnosis of exclusion, with only a few cases described in the literature [5-7].

Purpose

The purpose of this report is to present a case of bilateral retrobulbar optic neuropathy in an HIV-positive patient without treatment.

Case Report

The authors obtained written consent from the patient for the publication of her anonymised clinical data.

A 25-year-old woman presented bilateral visual loss. Past medical history was significant for HIV test in 2008 but no AIDS-defining illness. She declined antiretroviral therapy. Past ocular history was non-contributory, and results from previous eye exams were normal. She developed painful bilateral simultaneous progressive visual loss for the previous 3 months. Her best-corrected visual acuity was 20/200 OD and amaurosis OS. She saw 2/13 Ishihara plates OD and none OS. Visual field was constricted in the OD. The pupils were sluggishly reactive OU. Motility, slit lamp, and retinal exam results were normal. The optic nerves showing bilateral optic disc pallor and atrophic, with more pallor OS than OD (Figures 1, 2). An extensive evaluation for other infectious causes of her visual loss were negative. CD4+ cell count was 20/μL and serum HIV RNA level was 190,000 copies/mL. The full blood count showed leukocytosis (white cell count 13×10˄9 /L) with neutrocytosis (78%). The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was increased at 65 mm/h, with the C-reactive protein level at 7.2 mg/l. Additional laboratory tests including ANA, p/c ANCA, anti-ds DNA-Ab, antiphospholipid Ab, vitamin B12, folic acid were performed without any pathological findings. The chest radiograph was normal. A CT scan of the brain with contrast showed mild atrophy, but a magnetic resonance imaging scan (MRI) showed diffuse enhancement of the bilateral optic nerves post-contrast (Figure 3). There were no periventricular plaques. Lumbar puncture disclosed an opening pressure of 20 cm H₂O and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) chemistry and cytology were normal, including normal protein, glucose levels, and cell count. CSF cytology was negative for malignancy. Oligoclonal bands were negative. Results of a VDRL test, a Cryptococcus antigen test, an acid-fast stain, a Mycobacterium tuberculosis polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, and all cultures (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and mycobacteria) were negative.

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   Figure 1:

   Funduscopic examination showing right optic nerve. The cupping 0,7-0,8 and only mild pallor.
   
   
   

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   Figure 2:

   Funduscopic examination showing leftt optic nerve. The cupping 0,7-0,8 and only mild pallor.
   
   
   

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   Figure 3:

   Axial T2-weighted post contrast-enhanced MRI shows optic nerve enhancement bilaterally.
   
   
   

Discussion

Optic neuritis is an inflammation of the optic nerve accompanied by impaired central or paracentral vision [8]. In a few cases, a primary demyelinating process in the optic nerve is not the cause of retrobulbar optic neuritis. The differential diagnosis of a bilateral optic neuritis includes papilledema, infiltrative optic neuropathy, toxic/nutritional optic neuropathy and, hereditary optic neuropathy [8]. In papilledema, the vision is initially normal, and the visual field may be normal or with an enlargement of the blind spot. Orbital lesions compressing the optic nerve and infiltrative disease of the optic nerve may cause disc edema and visual loss. Toxic or nutritional optic neuropathies are notable for a normal optic disc or mild temporal pallor. Leber´s hereditary optic neuropathy typically affects males between 10 and 30 years of age, and Kjer dominant optic atrophy affects males and females between 4 to 8 years of age. Most cases of optic neuropathy in patients with HIV infection are associated with opportunistic infections as systemic viral diseases such as hepatitis B virus infection, herpesviridae family or bacterial diseases, as Lyme disease, tuberculosis and syphilis. Evaluation of visual loss in patients with AIDS is complex, requiring investigation of infectious causes. The proposed mechanisms for the clinical findings of the HIV-mediated optic neuropathy include direct or indirect neurotoxic effects of the HIV-1 infection on the optic nerve similar to that seen in the CNS [5-7]. Some patients with AIDS develop patchy and scattered degeneration of ganglion cell axons throughout the optic nerve by HIV itself suggest that AIDS-associated optic neuropathy is a distinct primary optic nerve degeneration that is unrelated to secondary retinal or optic nerve infections [9-11].

Conclusion

We describe a woman with advanced HIV infection with profound immunosuppression in whom bilateral retrobulbar optic neuritis developed as a result of HIV virus itself. We can exclude the possibility that our patients´s optic neuropathies were caused by another infection. The diagnosis of HIV retrobulbar optic neuritis was based on a normal anterior segment, pupillary defects, ocular pain progressing over days, appearance of optic nerve pallor late in the disease course, compatible MRI findings, and lack of evidence of alternative causes on the basis of comprehensive serum and CSF test results, and radiological findings.

Summary Statement

We report on an infrequent case of bilateral retrobulbar optic neuropathy as symptom of in an HIV-positive patient.