Effect of Melia Azedarach Extract on Some Selected Physiological Parameters of (Catla catla)

The present study has been carried out the effect of leaf extract of Melia azedarach at different concentration, such as 1.0g, 1.5g and 2.0g formulated diet against 0.1 ml of CFU/ ml 105 cells Aeromonas hydrophila on catla catla. The physiological parameters, such as Survival and Mortality, Antibody response, Phagocytic activity, Oxygen consumption, opercular movement, and Growth rate were studied. Result revealed that control fish showed 60% mortality and 20%, mortality at 1.0g concentration of plant extract, 10% mortality at 1.5g concentration of plant extract 30% mortality at 2.0g concentration of plant extract was observed. The maximum level of physiological activity Survival and Mortality, Antibody response, Phagocytic activity, Oxygen consumption, opercular movement, and Growth rate was recorded at 1.5g of plant extract formulated diet treated fish. When compared with control, However physiological parameters was significantly (p<0.05) increased when compared with control.


Introduction
Aquaculture is one of the important sectors contributing significantly in the Indian economy. Fish culturists are encouraged towards intensification of culture system to increase production and profit. In such practice of fish and shrimp farming, disease becomes major threats. Disease is one of the most important constraints of fish production both in culture system, as well as in wild condition [1]. Fish production is decreased due to the occurrence of disease caused by different pathogens in aquaculture. Viral diseases have posed significant problems in aquaculture for many years. In commercial aquaculture, antibiotics were used for prevention and control the diseases, and hormones were used for growth performance but the cost of antibiotics and hormones are expensive. Several studies have been carried out to find the new compounds from plant sources at cheap and best to prevent the disease causing organisms in aquaculture [2]. Aquaculture has been a tradition in several parts of Asia and according to FAO statistics, over 80% 0f fish produced by aquaculture come from Asia, where the production was 31.07 million metric tons valued at $ 38.855 billion [3].
Aeromonas hydrophila is a gram negative motile bacterium. The ulcerative disease is mostly caused by gram negative bacterium. A. hydrophila is pathogenic not only to fishes but also to amphibian, reptiles and mammals including man [4]. The Indian major carps, Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala are the most important commercial fishes in India with a maximum market demand and acceptability as food by the consumers due to their taste and flesh. They contribute about 67% of total freshwater fish production [5]. Melia azedarach is a well-known ethno medicinal tree used in Ayurveda, its use in the traditional folk medicine. Different parts of M. azedarach in traditional system of medicine. Hence, the present study has been carried out the Haematological studies on disease induced Indian major carp; Catla catla (L) fed with Melia azedarach formulated diet.

Research Article
Effect of Melia Azedarach Extract on Some Selected Physiological Parameters of (Catla catla)

Oxygen consumption in fish
The oxygen consumption of the fingerlings of the control and experimental fish was estimated by Winkler's method.

Opercular movement
The fish is taken in a beaker containing water. The number of opercular movements for a minute was recorded with the help of a stop watch in the control and the experimental fish. The triplicate observation was recorded from each sample for the control and the experimental fishes.

Growth rate
The growth of the fish is defined as an increase in the body weight of the fish in definite intervals of time. The weight gain of Catla catla was calculated as

BWf -BWi Weight gain (%) = ___________ Bwi
The statistical significance between control and experimental groups were tested by't' test.

Results and Discussion
In this study the cumulative percentage of Mortality, Antibody titer, Phagocytic activity, oxygen consumption, Opercular movement and growth rate, were studied in disease induced Catla catla using different concentration of melia azedarach formulated died against Aeromonas hydrophila . In control groups showed 60% mortality 1g and 2g died fed groups was 20% and 30% mortality in experimental groups. Similar result were observed by [7], reported that Mikania cordata leaf powder significantly increased non-specific immunity and decreased mortality in C. catla experimentally infected with Aphanomyces invadans. The M. cordata leaf powder supplemented diet showed significantly (p<0.05) high disease resistance against A. invadans infection when compared with control group. The highest percentage survival was recorded in 20ppm (71.06%) followed by 10ppm (60.95%) and 30ppm (49.84%) groups [8], reported that A. hydrophila (10 6 CFU/ml) injected fishes showed 89.47 % mortality and severe lesions and wound were noticed in the infected portions. The injured tails appeared reddish in colour and loss of skin layer was observed.
Antibody titer was increased with increasing concentration of plant extract formulated died on different day of treatment (7,14,21,28 and 35) the maximum antibody titer was found 1.5g plant extract formulated diet an 1.104±0.63 the initial day (0day) and 1.605±0.4 (35 day) ( Table 2). Similar results were observed by Similar kind of results have been also observed by [9], when they treated the fish with the Immunostimulantion herbs which showed increased antibody responses. Herbs, which also act as immuno-stimulants, stimulate non-specific defense mechanisms and provide protection in fish [10].
In the present study, the plant extracts administered experimental groups showed more phagocytic activity when compared with control. During the study period 1.5g /100g of diet treated fishes showed maximum phagocytic when compared to other concentrations. Similar reports are also observed by [11]. They reported that phagocytic activity was significantly increased in fish fed with 2.0% Azadirachta indica formulated diet compared to the control, but not with 1.0% and 3.0%. They also suggested that 2.0% supplementation diet significantly influence the growth, haematology, and enhances the innate immune system in silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix against A. hydrophila [12], reported that Basella alba extract treated tilapia showed significantly higher (P<0.05) phagocytic activity compared to fish fed control diet.
The Oxygen consumption higher in 1.5g plant extract formulated diet treated fishes than control and other experimental groups. Similar reports are also observed by [13], reported that oxygen consumption of fishes in experimental group increased after the treatment of different concentrations (250,500,750mg/kg of food) of extract of Aloe vera were fed to common carp, Cyprinus carpio against Aeromonas hydrophila [14], observed that experimental group of 250 mg/kg showed more O 2 consumption of fish compared with control. The experimental fish treated with 10 mg of turmeric powder showed increase in the O 2 consumption of fish, when compared to 20mg and 30 mg of turmeric powder [15], reported that presence of toxicants in the medium could bind with globin fraction of haemoglobin of the fish and alter the physiological activity of the body. Thus the decrease oxygen consumption may be due to the damage caused to red blood cells. The concentration of red blood corpuscles can be increased to raise the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood per unit volume [16]. In the present study was opercular movement was varied from both experimental and control fishes. The opercular movement in the control fish showed 60.00±0.57and the plant extract formulated died found to be maximum number of opercular movement were observed in 1.5g plant extract formulated died fount to be 65.00±1.00 in the initial day(0day) and 86.00±0.57(35 day) Similar result were observed by [17]. They reported that opercular movement of fishes in experimental group increased after the treatment of different concentrations (250,500,750mg/kg of food) of extract of Aloe vera were fed to common carp, Cyprinus carpio against Aeromonas hydrophila [18], also reported that opercular ventilation of the catfish, (Pangasius hypophthalmus) was increased and treated with increasing concentrations of Azadirachta indica leaf extract [12]. Observed that increase in opercular movement, mucous secretion, erratic movement etc., were noticed in neem leaf extract exposed fish [19] and also noticed similar behavioural changes in Channa punctatus exposed to Nerium indicum leaf extract (Tables 3,4). The 1.5g extract formulated diet treated fishes showed more weight, when compared to other concentrations and control [20], reported that Basella alba extract treated tilapia showed significantly higher (P<0.05) weight gain compared to fish fed control diet. They also suggest that B. alba methanol extract might positively influence the growth and protect the health status of tilapia. Striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, fed a diet with 0.15% of Yucca schidigera showed the best growth performance and some hematological parameters [21]. A diet with 2% traditional Chinese medicine reduced the mortality of grass carp after Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. Arabic coffee at a level of 0.5% diet produced the optimum growth and feed utilization of Nile tilapia; while at a level of 0.2-0.5%, the fish growth and feed utilization were retarded.