Moringa Oleifera: Panaromic View on Nutritional, Therapeutic Activity and Patent Landscape

Phytomedicines are believed to have benefi ts over conventional drugs and are regaining interest in current pharmaceutical research. Moringa oleifera is a multi-purpose plant used a human food, neutraceutical and alternative for medicinal purpose worldwide.


Introduction
Cancer is one of the most common life-threatening diseases of mankind, causing as many as 7.6 million deaths in a year, 64% from the economically developing world. According to the cancer reports published by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Cancer Research Fund, the incidence of cancer are still growing specifi cally due to diet, environmentand carcinogenic virus infections. Cervical cancer, in women, is the second most common cancer worldwide, next only to breast cancer. In India, cervical cancer is the most common woman-related cancer, followed by breast cancer. The current estimates indicate approximately132, 000newcases diagnosed and 74,000 deaths annually in India, accounting to nearly 1/3 rd of the global cervical cancer deaths. Indian women face a 2.5% cumulative lifetime risk and 1.4% cumulative death risk from cervical cancer. 80% of the new cervical cancer cases occur in developing countries, like India, which reports approximately one fourth of the world's cases of cervical cancer each year.
The cancer mostly affects middle-aged women (between 40 and 55 years), especially those from the lower economic status who fail to carry out regular health check-ups due to fi nancial inadequacy. The statistical data about cancer which describes different types along with the crude incident rate per year shown in following (Figure 1), [1] and Prevalence of high risk human papillomavirus (HPV) Types 16 as shown in (Figure 2) which both fi gures describes the severity of cervical cancer.
The drugs currently used in the cancer chemotherapy have shown adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity, cardio toxicity, peripheral neuropathies, etc. However, due to less toxic and.
Adverse effects of phytochemicals, the research on medicinal plants and cancer has been intensifi ed [2].
Intensive research on Moringa oleifera plant carried out for evaluation of potential of anticancer activity described as follows: • The M. oleifera dichloromethane extract shows high antioxidant activity, potent cancer cell antiproliferation, and induction of quinone reductase [3]. • Formulation of anti-cancerous colloidal silver using Moringa olifera stem bark extract. Which was tested against human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa) and cell morphology was further evaluated using 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. The effi ciency of green synthesized AgNPs was studied with the help of fl uorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and was shown to induce apoptosis through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in HeLa cells [4].
• The potential cytotoxic activity of seed essential oil obtained from M. oleifera carried out on HeLa, HepG2, MCF-7, CACO-2 and L929 cell lines with various concentration like 0.15 to 1 mg/mL for 24h, and the cytotoxicity was assessed using MTT assay. This study showed a signifi cant reduction in cell viability.
Additionally, HeLa cells were the most affected cells ➢ Moringa oleifera fresh leaves or growing tips are the richest source of vitamin A. 100 g of fresh leaves carry     [11].
The medicinal value of Moringaoleiferais due to the presence of a diversity of phytochemicals as shown in bellow [ Table 1].
The therapeutic potential of Moringa oleifera may be due to the presence of simple sugar, rhamnose and a fairly unique group of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates.
In the previous ten years, numerous research articles, reports, and patents have been published on Moringa oleifera plant for pharmacological activities.
• "Composition of eleven herbals for treating cancer":   Objectives of the present invention to prepare bionanoparticles of Moringa oleifera measuring less than 150 nm and an ability to protect plasmid DNA and E.coli RNA, to inhibit cell division in Onion root and human Carcinoma cells. Bionanoparticles were formulated from the soft fi bres through controlled hydrolysis, selective size fractionation by ultrafi ltration and particle preparation by spray drying at 100°C temperature.The treated cells by prepare bionanoparticles of dose 30mg/ml, show blebbing which eventually leads to apoptosis and death. This indicates the ability of Moringa oleiferabionanoparticles to arrest the growth of human epidermoid carcinoma cells.
• "Moringaceae tablet and its producing method": CN 1935165: Jiaheng Zhang in 2009 revealsformulation method of Moringa oleifera lozenge and its production method. Moringa oleiferalozenge has several edible and medicinal values, nutritive value and is made up by using Moringa oleiferaleaf or seed. Moringa oleifera, can be used as a adjunctive therapy for the treatment of fever, bronchitis, eye / ear infections, scurvy, skin infections, arthritis, etc., it can used to reduce blood pressure, control blood sugar, reduce mental anxiety, rid the body of waste, supplement the body nutrition, reduce fatigue, improve sleep and so very helpful. Production process explained, Moringa oleiferaleaves dehydrate, grind, mesh to remove impurities which further used to prepare tablet with starch.

Conclution
The research on M. oleifera is yet to gain importance in India.
It is essential that the nutrients of this wonder tree are exploited for a diversity of purposes. Moringa Oleifera has prodigious antidiabetic, anti-cancer, anti-infl ammatory, antimicrobial, antiulcer, antioxidant, antiurolithiatic, antihelmintic, hepatoprotective and diuretic action. Moringa Oleifera plant is the most inexpensive and credible alternative to not only providing good nutrition, but also the cure and prevention of a lot of diseases as discused. Patent study and clinical studies with human subjects should be taken to investigate: nutrient bio-availability, bio-