Gaming Disorder and Effects of Gaming on Health: An Overview

Introduction: A video game is any software program that can be played on a computing device, such as a personal computer, gaming console or mobile phone. Video games are age and gender friendly, very popular but like other pleasurable endeavors, can have adverse consequences, which are reviewed. Aims: This review focuses on the effects of gaming on health, compares gaming with other disorders and opens further discussion on gaming disorder. The overall goal is to explore gaming disorder prevention methods including education, intraand interpersonal counseling, the role of family and lifestyle modifi cation. Methods: A literature review was performed in Web of Science, Google and Spring Link databases as well as World Health Organization (WHO) material on gaming disorder. Date of publication was not an exclusionary factor but language was a factor. Only English language documents were included in our search. Results: Multiple system physical health disorders were found to be associated with long-term video game activity. The health problems most cited included visual, muscular-skeletal, obesity and epileptic seizures Conclusions: It is concluded that video gaming has many characteristics of other addiction disorders including deleterious physical and mental health consequences. The social and ubiquitous nature of gaming makes it diffi cult to recognize the signs and symptoms of excess gaming. Recommendations: Based on a review of the literature, it is recommended gamers become more aware of their time engaging in this popular activity. A greater awareness of signs and symptoms of gaming on daily activities, physical and mental health, and social relationships is encouraged. If persistent gamers experience depression or anxiety, it is recommended that they seek medical or behavioral health professionals. Review Article Gaming Disorder and Effects of Gaming on Health: An Overview Israel Oluwasegun Ayenigbara* Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan Nigeria Received: 10 September, 2018 Accepted: 08 October, 2018 Published: 10 October, 2018 *Corresponding author: Israel Oluwasegun Ayenigbara M.ED, Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan Nigeria, Tel: 08139177538; Email:


Introduction
A video game is any software program that can be played on a computing device, such as a personal computer, gaming console or mobile device. Video games have been in existence since the early 1970s and have become increasingly popular, spanning different mobile (smart phones, tablets) and stationary (computer or console) platforms. Advances, particularly in mobile devices, have given birth to social networks and group gaming Although the nature of gaming does not require physical stamina and therefore is not limited by factors such as age, gender or fi tness, it is most popular with adolescents. In 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) classifi ed gaming disorder in their International Classifi cation of Diseases (ICD-11). The ICD-11 is a list of diseases and medical conditions that aids health professionals in making diagnoses and treatment plans for patients having various disorders. It should be noted that, the inclusion of gaming disorder in the ICD-11 by WHO has generated vigorous and sometimes contentious debate and discussion within the medical and mental health community. Although recognized as an area of clinical interest, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) published by the American Psychiatric Association suggests that more clinical research is required before Gaming Disorder is formally considered as a psychiatric disorder. Similarly, the WHO notes the inclusion of gaming disorder in ICD-11, to encourage more research into excessive gaming behavior, including its prevention and treatment.

What is gaming disorder?
The 2018 WHO draft 11th Revision of the ICD-11 denotes DOI: http://doi.org/10.17352/2455-3484.000025 the disorder as a pattern of "digital-gaming" or "videogaming" behavior characterized by impaired control over gaming activity, increasing priority given to gaming over other activities to the extent that gaming takes precedence over other interests and daily activities, and the continuation or escalation of gaming despite the occurrence of negative consequences [1].
Gaming disorder has the same similarities with Internet gaming disorder (IGD), which is a condition that the American Psychiatric Association (APA) noted in DSM-5 as an area in need of additional study. The APA does not currently recognize IGD as an offi cial condition. For gaming disorder to be diagnosed, the WHO criteria requires that the behavioural pattern of the gamer must be of suffi cient severity that major and noticeable impairment and deterioration in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning is present for a minimum of 12 months [1].

Signs and symptoms of gaming disorder
According to the WHO defi nition, a person with gaming disorder will demonstrate the following characteristics for at least 12 months; problems controlling control their gaming habits, seeing gaming as more important over other necessities and daily activities or work, continuing to engage in gaming even after its negative health and social problems has been identifi ed or are evident. Further research shows that gaming disorders can also be linked with anxiety, depression, obesity, sleeping disorders, and stress. People who remain physically inactive for long periods because of gaming may also be at higher risk of obesity, sleep disorders, and other health-related issues, according to WHO [1].

Health consequences of video gaming
Video game-related health problems can cause continuous strain injuries, skin disorders and other health issues. Other problems according to Shoja et al. (2007) [2], include a condition that could be termed video game-provoked seizures in patients with pre-existing epilepsy. The following health consequences of video gaming have been reported.

Vision issues
Video game playing is associated with eye problems [3]. Extensive and fi xed staring at a video game screen causes eyestrain because the cornea, pupil, and iris are not biologically equipped for chronic heavy viewing of digital images from electronic devices. The visual system strain from frequent video game use over extended periods may result in headaches, dizziness and in some cases, nausea and vomiting. Interestingly, there is some research that shows that gamers have an enhancement of spatial distribution of attention, compared with non-gamers. This somewhat predictable practice effect occurs with both peripheral and central visual attention [4]. For sufferers of amblyopia (dimness or blurring of the eyesight due to a fault in transmission from the eye to the brain) video games may be helpful. Li, et al. (2011) [5] reported that combination of video game therapy with occlusion therapy would enhance the recovery of visual acuity in gamers with amblyopia [5].

Musculoskeletal problems
Persistent gamers may also suffer from musculoskeletal problems. A survey of children indicated increased physical complaints associated with video game playing. Such complaints range from pain in the hands and wrists to back and neck [6,7]. Furthermore, a case report involving a nineyear-old teenager referenced Playstation thumb. Playstation thumb is, characterized by numbness and a blister is caused by friction between the thumb and the controller from rapid and persistent game play [8]. Using dermoscopy, dermatologists discovered hemorrhages and onycholysis (the loosening or separation of a fi ngernail) in a patient who presented with hyperkeratosis [9]. Also, tendon injuries (tendonosis) of the hands and wrists from tendon overuse, is another health problem associated with video game playing [10]. Furthermore, another case report in the New England Journal of Medicine reported a fracture of the base of the fi fth metatarsal from people who play Wii video games. This condition has been termed (perhaps sarcastically), a Wii fracture [11]. There are also postural problems associated with persistent playing of video games, although [12], ergonomic measures (including chair to monitor position) could potentially improve postural problems associated with video game playing.

Obesity and overweight
Playing of video games consistently has been associated with obesity. This is may be related to the lack of physical activity in players. Alternatively, it could be that those who are less physically fi t because of obesity gravitate towards less physically demanding activities, such as gaming. In either case, several studies have linked television and video games and increased Body Mass Index (BMI). It has been estimated that children in the United States spend 25% of their waking hours watching either television or playing of video games [13].
Furthermore, children who watch the most hours of television or play video games have the highest incidence of obesity. If video games are replacing physical activities and young people do not participate in physical recreation or see playing of video games as a form of recreation, this may be part of the link between times spent while playing video games and rise in BMI in teenagers [13]. Evidence for this potential link gains some support from a German study reporting that boys who spend no more than 1.5 hours per day engaged in television watching or playing video games, were 75.4% less likely to be overweight than those who spend more than 1.5 hours engaged in the same activity [14].
In a 2011 study, an association between video game activity and an increase of (mostly junk) food intake was reported.
Specifi cally, single video game sessions caused an increase in food intake, regardless of appetite [15]. It has also been suggested that active video game play using two popular gaming platforms (Wii, Xbox Kinect) has the opposite effect [16]. Other researchers found no evidence that more active video games would result in a benefi cial outcome although the study did demonstrate an increase in the amount of physical activity within the children receiving the active video games [17].

Seizures (Epileptic)
Health concerns that video games may cause an epileptic seizures started in the early 1980s. The fi rst medically documented case of a video game-induced seizure was reported in 1981. In 1993, a story in the popular press (Sun newspaper) reported that a boy choked to death on his own vomit during a seizure triggered by playing a video game.
Similar but less serious incidents were subsequently reported by news media around the world, ultimately motivating video game console manufacturers to include that epilepsy warnings in the instruction manuals for their gaming products. In 1994 it was reported that video games only cause seizures in people already predisposed to epilepsy and advised that people with a predisposition to epilepsy can greatly reduce the risk of a seizure by staying 10 feet or more away from the TV set and wearing sunglasses while playing video games [17]. This is clearly an area in need of additional research.