Biological attributes of lemon: A review

In advanced and undeveloped countries, due to no side effect and natural origin, usually herbal medicines are used. From medicinal plants, many customary medicines are derived which can be used. There are 21,000 plants which are used for medicinal purposes all around the world are listed by World Health Organization (WHO). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the best sources to acquire the diversity of drugs are medicinal plants. The largest manufacturer of medicinal plants is India which is also called botanical garden of world [1]. In family Rutaceae, the genus Citrus is greatest operational herb in traditional medicines. In tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, the native genus is citrus. The main winter fruits are the citrus fruits which are used up in the diet of Mediterranean. The citrus fruits are originate to be frequently in cultivation throughout the tropics and are extremely nutritious and medicinal in nature. In Mediterranean region, there are eight taxa have been traditionally cultivated belonging to the genus Citrus. History


Introduction
In advanced and undeveloped countries, due to no side effect and natural origin, usually herbal medicines are used. From medicinal plants, many customary medicines are derived which can be used. There are 21,000 plants which are used for medicinal purposes all around the world are listed by World Health Organization (WHO). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the best sources to acquire the diversity of drugs are medicinal plants. The largest manufacturer of medicinal plants is India which is also called botanical garden of world [1]. In family Rutaceae, the genus Citrus is greatest operational herb in traditional medicines. In tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, the native genus is citrus. The main winter fruits are the citrus fruits which are used up in the diet of Mediterranean. The citrus fruits are originate to be frequently in cultivation throughout the tropics and are extremely nutritious and medicinal in nature. In Mediterranean region, there are eight taxa have been traditionally cultivated belonging to the genus Citrus. History (Rutaceae). For citrus lemon, the most common name is lemon and it is an edible fruit. After orange, lemon is the third most signifi cant specie of citrus fruits which is cultivated more than 4.4 million ton in each year. At present, the biggest producer of lemons in the world is Argentina with 1.2 million tones. In lemon, very important natural compounds containing ascorbic acid, minerals, citric acid, essential oils and fl avonoids are present in high quantity [2]. Lemon shows anticancer and antibacterial activity due to the presence of alkaloid constituent in different parts of lemon leaves, stem, root and Citation: Rafique

Graphical distribution
It is native in north Indian but cultivated in Turkey, Mexico, United States, Argentina, Iran, Brazil, Italy, Spain and People Republic of China. The fruit of lemon can be used for non-culinary and culinary purposes all over the world.
Predominantly, lemon is used for its juice from side to side the pulp and taste is as well used mostly in baking and cooking [6].

Botanical description
Citrus trees produce fruits of different shapes and sizes (from round to oblong), these trees are evergreen and full of fl avor, fragrance, and juice [7]. The color of leaves of lemon is dark green; these are 6.     (7095%) is present in citrus oils along with lesser aggregates of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and these are responsible for a characteristic fl avor [10].

Medicinal uses
Lemon was cure the plague and a syrup known as acridine citri is prepared from its juice which is used for quenched the thirst of someone and also fought over at the same time. Honey is boiled with lemon and used as digests. It is also used for the removal of pimples and dark spots on face [11].
To kill the intestinal worms, to remove the kidney stone and gravel, lemon juice was used [12]. It is suggested by the various reports that, reduction in oxidative stress, prevention in atherogenic modifi cations of LDL cholesterol, improve in the blood lipid profi le, platelet aggregation and improves HDL-cholesterol concentrations have been done by drinking substantial volumes of a mixture of citrus juices. It is studied that its extract has anti-thyroidal properties, which suggest its potential to ameliorate hyperthyroidism [11].
Due to their similar phytonutrient contents, all citrus fruits contain nutritional and therapeutic properties. The main source of primates' device vitamin C1 is citrus. Absorption of iron from small intestine in the body is enhanced by ascorbic acid which is compulsory for connective metabolism particularly the scar tissue, teeth and bones. It is essential as an anti-stress and defender against chills damp and cold. It quenches and scavenge the free radical created by ultra violet radiation stabilization, It performances also as antioxidants in the skin [7].
The collagens production is also reliant on vitamin C.

Antioxidant activity
The important sources of antioxidants are citrus juices and fruits and these antioxidants are ascorbic acid, fl avonoids and phenolic compounds [17]. The source of glycosides and phenolic compounds are citrus peels. The bioactive compounds are phenolic acids which are responsible for the antioxidant and many other biological activities [18]. The highest antioxidant activity can be found in citrus fruits. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) interpretations for a great proportion in some fruits can act as antioxidant. Moreover, other phytoconstituents like carotenoids, fl avonoids, glutathione, and various enzyme systems may also contribute to the antioxidant activity [19].

Anti-ulcer activity
The pathophysiology of peptic ulcer dieses involves an imbalance between offensive (acid, pepsin, and H. pylori) as well as suspicious aspects [14]. Indian Medicinal plants and their derivatives have been a valuable source of therapeutic agents to treat various disorders including Antiulcer diseases.
Fruit aqueous excerpt also shows the antiulcer activity against gastric ulcer [20].

Anti-diabetic activity
A metabolic disorder is called Diabetes. A system, through which our body utilizes the digested food energy and growth, is known as metabolism. The eaten food is converted into a Citation: Rafique  In absence of insulin, glucose cannot enter our cells. A class of organic substance known as polyphenols which is present in lemon and a high amount in lemon peel [13]. It is investigated that polyphenols considerably inhibited the fat accumulation, high blood glucose levels and insulin resistance, development of hyper lipidemia, weight gain which are different aspects of obesity. A range of essential oils is present in citrus peel. The pathogenic bacteria are killed or their growth is inhibited by suing these essential oils. The lowering of diabetes and antiper oxidative effects are possessed by citrus peel due to the high content of total polyphenols [14].

Antimicrobial activity
The antibacterial activity of the organic acid-rich extract of