Serum/Urine Zn Level of Egyptian Type II Diabetic Patients and Its relation with Glycemic Control (HbA1c)

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion or action. Percent of Type 2 diabetic patients are getting to increase annually allover the world especially in developing countries. It is estimated to increase to 300 million in 2025. In Egypt around 8.1 million are estimated according to IDF 2015. Zinc is a trace element that acts as cofactor for synthesis, storage, stability and secretion of insulin by pancreas. There is a controversy studies regarding Levels of trace elements as Zinc in diabetic patients. Aim: To assess the level of zinc in Egyptian type 2 diabetic patients and its relation to glycemic control. Material and methods: One hundred and twenty type 2 diabetic patients, with duration of diabetes > 2 years, age 30-45 year; and 60 age and sex matched; healthy normal controls receiving oral antidiabetic drugs were included in this study. Serum Zn, Fasting blood sugar (FBS) and HbA1c levels were estimated. Diabetic patients were divided into 2 groups, 60 diabetics /group: controlled diabetics (HbA1c < 7); and uncontrolled diabetics (HbA1c > 7). Results: Serum Zn levels of uncontrolled diabetics were signifi cantly lower (56.18 ± 0.66 μg/dl) than controlled diabetic (76.61 ± 2.44) and normal controls (84.30 ± 0.98 μg/dl, p < 0.001). An inverse signifi cant correlation with found between serum concentration of zinc and FBS; and HbA1c in uncontrolled diabetics. Conclusion: Altered levels of trace elements as Zn are found to be important predisposing factors for diabetic patients. Research Article Serum/Urine Zn Level of Egyptian Type II Diabetic Patients and Its relation with Glycemic Control (HbA1c) Ghada ZA Soliman* Professor of Biochemistry, National Nutrition Institute, Cairo, Egypt Received: 27 July, 2019 Accepted: 13 August, 2019 Published: 14 August, 2019 *Corresponding author: Ghada ZA Soliman Phd, Professor of Biochemistry, National Nutrition Institute, Cairo, Egypt, E-mail:


Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is the most prevalent disease worldwide that affects millions of individuals every year across the world. It represents a major public health problem. Type 2 diabetes mellitus has a rising attitude globally. The worldwide spread of diabetes among general population is estimated to increase to 300 million in 2025 [1,2]. In Egypt around 8.1 million are estimated according to IDF 2015.
Zinc (Zn) is a trace element that acts as co-factor for synthesis, storage, stability and secretion of insulin by pancreas and it accounts for the conformation integrity of insulin in its hexameric crystalline form [3,4]. Zinc may be involved in the regulation of insulin receptor-initiated signal transudation mechanism and insulin receptor synthesis. Also Zn acts as a cofactor for the function of intracellular enzymes that may be involved in protein, lipid and glucose metabolism or participate as an integral component of several antioxidant enzymes. Zinc has an important role in the glucose utilization by muscle and fat cells [5,6].
Pancreatic  cells contain very high concentrations of zinc compared with various other cells. In particular, Insulin secretory granules have the highest zinc content within  cells [7]. Metallothioneins (MTs), zinc importers (ZIP, SLC39A), and zinc exporters (ZnT, SLC30A) are proteins that regulate cellular zinc homeostasis [4,8]. ZnT8 plays a key role in the accumulation of zinc within insulin secretory granules [9]. Furthermore, zinc is essential for the appropriate synthesis of insulin, as well as its storage and structural stability [4].
Insulin comprises a hexamer of six insulin and two zinc molecules [3], in -cells of the pancreas. Insulin crystallization occurs under specifi c conditions in insulin secretory granules, in which both insulin and zinc exist in high concentrations and acidic pH is maintained [10]. Insulin is released into the portal venous system at the time of -cells de-granulation where it dissociates rapidly into monomers. Anderson et al., [5] reported that 30% patients with DM found to be zinc defi cient. There are different data regarding Zn level in diabetic patients where some authors (large number) stated that Zn is defi cient in diabetics [5,11], others found no change [12,13], others found an increase in Zn concentration [14,15].

Materials and Methods
An informed consent was collected from all the participants.
Study was approved by the ethical committee of GOTHI (Egypt).
One hundred and twenty type 2 diabetic patients; and 60 age and sex matched healthy controls were included in this study.
Under strict aseptic conditions blood sample was collected from all the participants. Serum Zn, Fasting blood sugar (FBS) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were estimated.

Exclusion criteria
Patients who are taking zinc supplementation or drugs that interfere with zinc absorption, patients with chronic disease and pregnancy/ lactation, smokers, patients with history of acute infections and thyroid dysfunction were excluded from this study.

Statistical analysis
Data was expressed as Mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 11. Statistical tests as t-test, ANOVA/ Duncan post hoc and correlation coeffi cient were applied. P < 0.05 was considered statistically signifi cant.

Discusion
Diabetes has been shown to be major causes of death all over the world. The prevalence of diabetes in developed countries represents a major public health problem. Insulin is stored inside secretory vesicles or granules, where two Zn 2+ ions coordinate six insulin monomers to form the hexamericstructure on which maturated insulin crystals are formed [22].
Our study revealed that diabetic subjects had signifi cantly low mean zinc levels than control subjects (p < 0.001) either uncontrolled diabetic or normal persons. Our results agree with Al-Maroof et al., [23], Kazi et al., [24], Sahria and Goswami [25], Saha-roy et al., [26], where they found a signifi cant decrease in serum Zn level in uncontrolled diabetic patients when compared with normal persons or versus diabetic patients.
The low zinc level in the diabetic patients may be due to the decreased gastrointestinal absorption and increased urinary excretion [27], or due to some effects of alteration of other minerals, especially copper [28], or due to the interfering of hyperglycemia with the active transport of zinc back into the renal tubular cells leading to more urinary excretion of zinc as stated by Tripathy et al., [11]. Also Kinlaw et al., [29], explained that zinc absorption has been defect or reduced, by uncontrolled blood sugar (hyperglycemia) and it would lead to an elevation of HbA1c.
Our results disagree with Zargar et al., [12], and Unjiati et al., [13], where they found no signifi cant change when compared with normal persons. Also our results disagree with Osman et al., [14], and Mumza et al., [15], where they found signifi cant change (increase) when compared with normal persons.
Zn defi ciency in diabetic patients diminish its role as antioxidant against free radical oxidation (characteristic of diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia) since Zn is a component / cofactor of the important antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD) that regulates the expression of metallothioneins and glutamate-cysteine ligase, thus affecting glutathione levels [30,5,6). Also it might affect the release of vitamin A from the storage site in the liver and metabolism [31], and it also affect synthesis, storage and structural stability of insulin [3]. Zn defi ciency may cause impaired glucose tolerance, insulin degradation, insulin resistance and reduced pancreatic insulin content [32,33]. Zn level might lead to higher blood glucose as a result of low insulin synthesis or action and consequently, higher HbA1c. It also agrees with Viktorinova et al., [34], and Somayeh et al., [35].
In contrast, Dorre et al., [36], showed no signifi cant correlation between serum Zn level and HbA1c. The disagreement may be due to dependence of HbA1c on treatment of diabetes not on Zn level (Table 1, Figure 5).

Conclusion
Egyptian diabetic patients had signifi cantly low level of Zn.
There was a negative relationship among serum zinc and FBS; and HbA1c.Further studies are required.