Impact of the “Omics Sciences” in Medicine: New Era for Integrative Medicine

Background and objective: This work collects and analyses information about the evolution of medical practice during the last centuries. The main aim is to summarise new insights on “omics sciences” and their impact in medicine. Methods: Use of appropriate keywords, use of different engines of research information and the subsequent bibliometric analysis of the information. Results: The impact of the “omics sciences” in the early diagnosis of diseases is highly signifi cant. Consequently, the implementation of “omics sciences” in medical practises contribute to the improvement of the monitoring and treatment of several diseases (particularly those based on molecular disorders). Conclusions: Advances in the techniques of biotechnology, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology are the source of the emergence and rapid evolution of a new omics era. This omic era has allowed the introduction and development of a medicine much more optimised and personalised, which is considered by many professionals as the medicine of the 21st century. This work is timely due to the high international interest for personalised medicine, healthcare and quick medical diagnosis. Review Article Impact of the “Omics Sciences” in Medicine: New Era for Integrative Medicine Noelia Clemente Plaza1, Manuel Reig García-Galbis2,3 and Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa1* 1División de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Department to de Agroquímica y Bioquímica. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Spain 2Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alicante, Spain 3Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Atacama, Chile. Dates: Received: 02 January, 2017; Accepted: 24 January, 2017; Published: 25 January, 2017 *Corresponding author: Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa, División de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamen to de Agroquímica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Spain, Tel: +34 965903400; E-mail:


Introduction
"Medicine" is a generic term used to refer to all those activities and techniques that are intended to maintain or restore the health of human beings (http://www.etymonline.com/ index.php?term=medicine). However, there are various views and theories (also called paradigms) in the implementation of the medicine that have arisen and evolved throughout the history. These different approaches of practising medicine have advanced simultaneously to the improvement of the knowledge about the human being. Consequently, medicine is being strongly infl uenced by traditions, culture and scientifi c and technological advances [1].
These paradigms are confronted due to the existence of signifi cant conceptual and/or methodological differences. The search for a common purpose on the part of all of them, makes diffi cult to establish the limits between them [2]. Besides, the use of various technical terms is confusing. For this reason, it is necessary to describe some relevant concepts, as well as to distinguish the main types of existing medical paradigms.
This situation becomes even more chaotic as soon as new technological approaches are implemented on medicine. This is the case of the use of omics sciences in medicine. The objectives of this work are: i) to describe briefl y "omics sciences"; and ii) to analyse the impact it has had the application of "omics sciences" in the early diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of many diseases.

Search strategy and information processing
As an initial step in this work, a bibliographic/bibliometric review has been made following PRISMA guide [3]. Primary and secondary sources have been included in order to know the different medical paradigms followed throughout the history. To optimise the search of the information, several search engines have been used (including portals or databases both generic: "Google Scholar", as well as specifi c: "PubMed", "Scopus", "EMBASE", "MEDLINE" and "Web of Knowledge").
The keywords used to do the search were: "oriental medicine", "occidental medicine", "personalised medicine", "biological medicine", "genomics", "proteomics", "transcriptomics"," integrative omics". These terms were previously identifi ed through the database "MeSH" (Medical Subject Heading) as suitable descriptors for the realisation of this work.
Citation: Plaza  Combinations of these keyword with "medicine" were also used to identify as much sources as possible. Finally, it was also necessary to include the keyword "integrative omics" to avoid the loss of studies and clinical trials, in which an integral approach of personalised medicine is done using "omics sciences". All the following options were selected in the databases previously mentioned: "Title/Abstract", "article" and "review". Search fi nished in July 2016; the language was not specifi ed. The research question was: Which is the role of the "omics sciences" in medicine and the development of personalised medicine?

Data analysis and selection of the articles previously identify
The classical scheme proposed by Vilanova [4], has been used to analyse and to assess the quality of the information  Table 1 introduces the general defi nition of the "omic" disciplines/sciences; Table 2

Bibliographic sources selected
More than half a million indexed publications (mainly in English) were recorded using the defi ned search strategy. The most abundant publications were those focused on biological medicine or the occidental medicine, followed by the studies on oriental medicine and, fi nally, research on the integrated
The "omics sciences" based medicine represents the consolidation of the concept of personalised medicine based on the use of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and metabonomic, not only for diagnosis but also during the treatment and monitoring. In fact, the uses of "omics science" in medicine reinforce the concepts of natural, personalised and biological medicine. This new way of practising medicine arises in parallel to the development of these new omic disciplines [19], and it is conceived by many authors as the medicine of the future. Thus, "omics sciences" promote early diagnosis and allow to the professionals to get fully detailed metabolic profi les from each patient, who are further treated combining occidental and oriental practises with biological medicine.

Omics Era Impact of -omics sciences in medicine
The "Omics" era begins at the end of the twentieth century, when the technological advance in biochemistry, molecular biology and analytical chemistry enables the development of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and metobonomic ( Figure 2) [20,21]. These new areas of knowledge are currently recognised as disciplines with their own entity, which are responsible for the detailed study of the genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome and metabonome, respectively (Table 1). This technical-analytical boom, among others, led to the development of the called "human genome project" for instance (Https://www.genome.gov/10001772/allabout-the--human-genome-project-hgp/). Since that time, each one of these "omics sciences" has been used separately with the following objectives: i) to establish processes of early diagnosis of diseases (cancer for instance) [22,23]; ii) to search target molecules for diagnosis [24]; iii) to identify the therapeutic or toxic effect of certain molecules [25,26]; iv) to study processes of cellular aging [27] or v) to perform forensic analysis [28].
Recently, the combined use of "omics sciences" has given rise to the " integrative omic", [29,30]. From this integrated and multidisciplinary approach, multiple pathological processes have been studied and new strategies for early diagnosis of Citation: Plaza Table 2.
Thanks to this new approach in the medical practice, a complete molecular profi le of the patient can be obtained [48][49][50]. This molecular profi le can be studied at real time relatively easily thanks to the technological enhancements [51,52]. This leads to the implementation of a fully personalised medicine [53].

Conclusions
In recent years, the biological medicine as well as personalised medicine have raised interest both, among the general population and between researchers and professionals of the medicine. "Omic sciences" have been extensively used to carry out basic and applied science in fi elds of knowledge related to biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology or biotechnology.
Nevertheless, omics are tools/sciences that could be of great relevance in medicine not only for early diagnosis but also for monitoring. Thus, the use of the "omic sciences" in medicine, as isolated disciplines or in combination with each other, has led to a revolution in the way of practicing medicine (much more holistic vision completely focused on the specifi c health/disease process shown by a patient [48,49]. This new approach allows: i) to identify new biomolecules as markers for the early diagnosis of diseases [24]; ii) to treat complex pathological processes [54] and iii) to estimate accurately and predictive, the capacity that could have an individual to develop throughout their life-cycle a pathology [55]. However, fully personalised medicine completely implemented in the daily practice is yet to come. New alternatives in the process of acquisition of patient data by the physician and other medical personnel, technological advances relating of the biochemical analysis, as well as the optimization of computing platforms and new systems of massive data analysis [56], will allow in a near future the development of a real personalised medicine of accuracy.