Promotion of improved sesame technologies in selected agricultural growth program-II districts of harari region

Small holder farmers face the problem of dietary diversity and income generation in their living system. To alleviate this problem this research activity was conducted at Harari Region with objectives of demonstrate improved sesame varieties on farmers land develop the knowledge and skill of farmers and other stakeholders have on sesame food utilization and strengthen the institutional and other stakeholders linkages on agricultural research outputs. Two improved sesame variety Obsa and Dicho were evaluated and demonstrated on 10 farmers’ fi elds on a plot sized 100 m2 along with the local check. In Kile kebele, two Farmers Research Groups comprising of 15 farmers were established to evaluate and select the better yielding variety. The yield performance of the improved varieties (Dicho, Obsa and local) were 3.85 qt/ha, 3.65 qt/ha and 2.73 qt/ha at Sofi district respectively. The yield obtained has statistically signifi cant difference at 1% probability level between improved and local variety. Obsa and Dicho varieties were preferred by farmers for its high yielding, disease tolerant, seed colors and test. The result indicated that Dicho and Obsa varies have yield advantage (3.85 qt/ha) and (3.65qt/ha) when compared with local check. Therefore; both Obsa and Dicho varieties were recommended for further scale up/out in Harari Region to widen the horizon of the technology in the area and to reach more number of farmers. Research Article Promotion of improved sesame technologies in selected agricultural growth program-II districts of harari region Ibsa Aliyi Usmane* and Abdulaziz Teha Umer Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Fedis Agricultural Research Centre, P.O. Box 904, Harar, Ethiopia Received: 23 May, 2020 Accepted: 16 June, 2020 Published: 17 June, 2020 *Corresponding author: Ibsa Aliyi Usmane, Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Fedis Agricultural Research Centre, P.O. Box 904, Harar, Ethiopia, Tel: +251920688099; Fax: +251256664974; E-mail:


Introduction
Sesame (Sesame indicum L.) is an important crop and export commodity in Ethiopia, the production of both by small and large scale farmers; and. The total area, production and productivity during 2013 were 0.299 million ha, 0.220 million tonnes and 0.735 t ha-1, respectively; and the total area and production were increased by 61.23 % and 17.91 %, respectively, while the total productivity was decreased by 27.23 % when compared with in 2008 [1,2]. Sesame ranks fi rst in total area and production from oil crops during 2013; and Tigray, Oromia, Amhara and Benshangul Gumuz regions are the major producers in Ethiopia. Due to its importance as a major export commodity the area coverage and production has increased in the last consecutive years in Ethiopia. There is an enormous potential to expand sesame seed production in Ethiopia through cultivation of additional new land. The government is enhancing the investment in the oilseeds sector with an extended package of incentives. Through transfer of technology and the provision of inputs, the increment of production and yield will be achieved strongly [3].
Availability of Virgin fertile new areas which can be cultivated on large scale, cheap and abundant labor is the key indicators of the future potential [4]. Sesame seeds are not only used for culinary purposes due to their nutritive, preventive and curative properties but also used in traditional medicines. Sesame oil seeds are sources for some phyto-nutrients such as fl avonoid, phenolic anti-oxidants, omega-6 fatty acids, vitamins and dietary fi ber with presented anti-cancer as well as health promoting properties [5]. Sesame is grown in hot and humid climate with temperature around 27 °c and annual precipitation of 625-1100 mm. The crop is intolerant to water logging or poor drainage and excessive rain fall.
Ethiopia has altitudes from below sea level up to 4500 meter above sea level with different climate zones which enables to

Materials and methods
This pre-extension demonstration of Obsa and Dicho varieties were conducted in selected districts of Harari Region.

Site and farmers selection
The Kebele as research site was selected purposively based on the potentiality, appropriateness of the area by considering lodging, slop's land escape, access to road, suit for repeatable monitoring and evaluation in progress of sowing to harvesting, accordingly, Kile kebele was selected. And also, farmers were selected based on their interest, innovation he/she has, land provision for this demonstration, interest in cost-sharing, willingness to share experiences for other farmers, and studying their profi le Table 1.

Research design
Two improved (Obsa and Dicho) sesame varieties and one local check sown and replicated across ten trial farmers on10m*10m ha plot size of land from individual trial farmer for each experiment/ varieties were used. The recommended seed rate 5kg/ha, spacing 40cm between row and 5cm between plants and 50kg urea was applied.

Technology evaluation and demonstration methods/ technique
The evaluation and demonstration of the trials were

Data collection
Qualitative data were collected through personal fi eld observation, individual interview, Focus Group Discussion by using checklist and quantitative were collected through data sheet tools.

Data analysis
Quantitative data was summarized using simple descriptive statistics (Mean, Frequency and Percentage), iindependent samples t-test to compare the mean of one sample with the mean of another samples to see if there is a statistically signifi cant difference between the two, while the qualitative data were analyzed using narrative.

Agronomic and yield performance
The following table describes the yield performances of the demonstrated varieties across the study site. The yield performance of the improved varieties (Dicho, Obsa and local) were 3.85 qt/ha 3.65 qt/ha and 2.73 qt/ha at Kile kebele respectively. The yield obtained has statistically signifi cant difference at 1% probability level between improved and local variety Tables 2,3.    Table 4.
Yield advantage of the demonstrated varieties was calculated using the following formula.
Yield advantage of new variety -Yield advantage of standard check Yield advantage % X 100 Yield advantage of standard check 

Farmers' perception/opinion
The opinion of farmers on varietal preference was collected from participants during variety demonstration. Farmers in the study area selected the best performing improved sesame varieties by using their own criteria. Farmers set these criteria after having know-how about the variety. The selections of the varieties were done at the harvest time. The criteria were ranked using pair wise ranking to understand which criteria were the major one .Thus, the major criteria used by farmers were high yielding, disease tolerant, tolerant to insect, seed color and test. Based on the above criteria's; farmers evaluated the varieties and ranked Dicho is fi rst and Obsa is second followed by local.

Discussion
The highest average yield of the sesame varieties were recorded 3.85q/ha Dicho and 3.65/ha Obsa as compare to 2.73 q/ ha local varieties across the sites. This indicates that this variety is very adaptable and suit with the existing environmental conditions in these sites. And there was yield difference of the varieties across the research sites due to rainfall, soil type and other climatic conditions. In addition there was yield advantage of Dico and Obsa varieties over local check that is 41.1% and 33.7% respectively as depicted in Table 4 since there was yield of 1.12 q/ha and 0.92q/ha respectively and statistically signifi cance different at p<0.01, and economically feasible that obtained profi t from Dicho variety 9,875 birr Obsa 9,115 birr and local variety 2,671 birr as depicted on Table 5.
Moreover, farmers evaluated these three varieties (Dicho, Obsa and local) at different stages based at farm level based on their own criteria: to high yield, diseases tolerant, tolerant to insect, white in color, good test, accordingly, ranked Dicho variety on fi rst rank as compare to local as shown on Table   6, and even evaluated these criteria by pair-wise ranking, as result, ranked yield fi rst with the rest as on Table 7. Based on these above result and discussion the following conclusion recommendations were derived.

Conclusion and recommendation
The yield performances of the demonstrated Sesame varieties across the study sites were 3.85q/ha for Dicho and 6.29 ton/ha for local variety with 3.03ton/ha yield difference in which Dicho and Obsa has more yield advantage 41.1% and 33.7% over local variety respectively. As a result, farmers selected Dicho variety on fi rst rank due to high yield, diseases tolerant, tolerant to insect, white in color, good test because in these areas there is an opportunity of underground water availability, suitable soil, and other suit climate conditions that help them to produce this Dicho variety in these and similar agro-ecology. Therefore, from this research fi nding it is recommended to promote further Dicho variety in similar agro-ecology is very important by government, Nongovernment and other stakeholders through their program to small holder farmers for enhancement of food security and income generation for small holder farmers.  Profi t=GM-TFC 9,875 9,115 2,671